Energy and climate plans toward a low-carbon future in the European Union: A comparative study
Mahyar Kamali Saraji, Dalia Streimikiene, Tomas Baležentis, Asta Mikalauskiene
Keywords:
National energy and climate plan; Renewables; Energy transition; multicriteria analysis
Abstract:
The European Commission has implemented measures to speed Europe’s transition to low-carbon energy. In 2014, E.U. member states agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% by 2030 compared to 1990. Binding greenhouse gas emission targets from 2021 to 2030, E.U. member states are responsible for determining how to achieve the 2030 target and implementing climate-change mitigation measures. All E.U. member states have pledged to develop national energy and climate plans according to the regulations on the governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action (EU) 2018/1999. This paper compares the energy and climate plans of the European Union and systemizes the critical policies for mitigating climate change in the energy sector. Furthermore, a comprehensive multicriteria method is applied to compare the success rates of E.U. countries in achieving their national targets. The results indicated that Estonia was the best country in terms of success rate, followed by Latvia.
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 Energy and climate plans toward a low-carbon future in the European Union: A comparative study [PDF file] [Filesize: 1.09 MB]
 10.7441/joc.2025.03.12
Saraji, M. K., Streimikiene, D., Baležentis, T., & Mikalauskiene, A. (2025). Energy and climate plans toward a low-carbon future in the European Union: A comparative study. Journal of Competitiveness, 17(3), 332-361. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2025.03.12
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